altitude adaptation is genetic

En route to Thorung La I learned something new from a doctor in Manang at the daily HRA Altitude Talk.

High-altitude adaptation has a genetic component.

Some people who live at high altitudes suffer breathlessness, palpitations and dizziness, while others have no health problems, and now a new study reveals which genes may explain the difference.

The genetic changes, described today (Aug. 15, 2013) in the American Journal of Human Genetics, allow people to take in enough oxygen from the thin mountain air without developing the heart attacks and strokes of chronic mountain sickness.

“We have ascertained there is a major genetic component that allows populations at high altitude to live better,” said study co-author Dr. Gabriel Haddad, a pediatric pulmonologist at the University of California at San Diego. …

Altitude Sickness: Genetics May Explain Why Only Some Fall Ill

Thorong La, 5,416 m (17,769 ft)
Thorong La, 5,416 m (17,769 ft)

I’ve been over 5000m dozens of times, never having any altitude sickness.

Perhaps I’ve got good genes. 🙂

Read more on wikipedia – High-altitude adaptation in humans – Genetic basis:

… The underlying molecular evolution of high-altitude adaptation has been explored and understood fairly recently. Depending on the geographical and environmental pressures, high-altitude adaptation involves different genetic patterns. …

Everest Estate disaster

by site editor Rick McCharles

Colonel Sir George Everest (July 4, 1790 — December 1, 1866) was a Welsh surveyor and geographer, and the Surveyor General of India from 1830 through 1843.

GeorgeEverestEverest was largely responsible for completing the Great Trigonometric Survey of India along the meridian arc from southern India extending north to Nepal, a distance of about 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi). …

Many consider the Trigonometric Survey one of the greatest accomplishments of man.

He was a “humourless individual having the knack of putting everyone’s back up. But since he was a genius, his antisocial habits have been glossed over.”

– Trekking Holidays in India

He did not want Chomolungma to be named for himself. George might never have seen Everest. And had no interest in it. After all, he was Surveyor General of India. The world’s highest peak is on the Tibet / Nepal border.

Sir George Everest’s House and Laboratory, also known as the Park Estate, is situated about 6 kilometres (4 mi) from the Mall in Mussoorie.

 

… The house is situated in a place from where one can catch the panoramic view of Doon Valley on one side and a panoramic view of the Aglar River valley and the snowbound Himalayan ranges on the other.

The house is under the jurisdiction of the Archeological Survey of India and has been long neglected. …

 

… The floor is littered with bricks, stones and cow dung. The house is also used as shelter from rain and snow by the cows, goats and horses from the nearby village. Its walls are covered with graffiti, which are mostly declarations of love. …

wikipedia

Day hiking (part of the Benog Tibba Circuit) to visit his former Estate, I bumped into a Christian evangelist, Ray Eicher, whose family have lived in India for generations. He set me in the right direction, in a couple of ways.

Everest Estate, Mussoorie-4

Everest Estate, Mussoorie

Everest Estate, Mussoorie-2

Everest Estate, Mussoorie-3

more of my photos

more Everest Estate photos

This kind of neglect of historical monuments is typical in India. My evangelist friend, who lives nearby, is sorely disappointed.

The historic Clock Tower in Mussoorie was recently torn down. At this point, plans to rebuild are stalled.

P.S.

…. Sir George Everest’s surname is pronounced … Eve-rest with “Eve” pronounced as in the woman’s name. …

Manaslu Circuit, Nepal

by site editor Rick McCharles

The Manaslu Trek (or Manaslu Circuit Trek) is a 14-day tea-house trek which circumnavigates the 8th highest peak in the world (8,156m).

Manaslu sunrise

The trek has all the elements of other treks in Nepal including both Hindu and Buddhist culture, protected wildlife, rhododendrons and wild flowers, raging rivers, precarious bridges and stunning mountain scenery.

The trek is much easier than it used to be with greatly improved trails along the Budi Gandaki river gorge. In terms of difficulty, it is comparable with the Annapurna Circuit Trek or Everest Base Camp trek. Its highlight is undoubtedly the spectacular unhindered views of Manaslu. …

Wikitravel

Two of us plan to try this high altitude trek starting Nov. 7th. It’s touted the NEW Annapurna Circuit, the old Annapurna having been degraded by road construction. 😦

Guy Shachar posted the best almost independent (hired guide/porter, carried their own packs) trip report (2011) I’ve seen:

  • Manaslu Circuit Trek- Around Manaslu Trek – detailed itinerary and trail description

  • Manaslu Circuit Trek- Around Manaslu Trek – General Information
  • Manaslu

    More of Guy’s photos

    … Until recently the trek used require camping, but building of tea-houses means the trek can be completed using local accommodation. …

    When trekking through the Manaslu region, ten peaks of over 6,500 metres (21,300 ft) in height are visible, including peaks of over 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) elevation. …

    wikipedia

    We plan to go very lightweight. Quite fast. Perhaps 11 days.

    We carry our own packs. Have no fixed itinerary. Our guide carries his own gear. We pay his costs — including insurance. Rate is $25 / day.

    A private car to the trailhead costs at least $120. We’ll take the bus both ways.

    Altitude acclimatization is easy on this trip. You start at Arughat 600m and work slowly and steadily up to crossing Larkya La 5135m. Of course if anyone suffers altitude sickness signs, it’s easy to quickly backtrack.

    ImagineTreks_Manaslu_profile

    Manaslu-Circuit-Trek-II-location-map

    We’re not likely to make many sidetrips.

    Wish us luck. 🙂

    Kuari Pass trek – day 6

    by site editor Rick McCharles

    day 0 | day 1 | day 2day 3 | day 4 | day 5 | day 6

    We arose at first light last morning, the coldest yet.

    dawn - Kuari day 6

    dawn - Kuari day 6-2

    frost - Kuari day 6

    Our adopted dog was quick to the fire.

    dog warming up - Kuari day 6

    last morning Camp - Kuari day 6

    Nanda Devi - Kuari day 6

    I’d have to rate the day before and the two days after Kuari as about as good as hiking gets.

    pack mule - Kuari day 6

    Kuari day 6

    Kuari day 6-2

    Kuari day 6-3

    Kuari day 6-4

    Kuari day 6-5

    Our guide was happy to get back to mobile phone service. He confirmed out pick-up time.

    Kuari day 6-7

    phone service reached - Kuari day 6

    We wandered lazily down through huge alpine meadows. Please that the trek had been a success.

    Kuari day 6-8

    Reaching this Hindu Temple having connection to great epic Ramayana means you’ve almost completed the Kuari.

    Hindu Temple - Kuari day 6

    We finished at the Auli Ski Resort, India’s finest. (Ski Jan-March.) Asia’s longest Cable Car (4km) is a must. The road to get there is deadly. This was one of the hosts of the 1st South Asian Winter Games in 2011.

    Auli ski lift - Kuari day 6

    Auli - Kuari day 6

    Auli - Kuari day 6-2

    Our driver was waiting just outside the gates. 🙂

    Red Chili van at Auli - Kuari day 6

    It was 10hrs back to Rishikesh with a hotel stop en route.

    The most dangerous aspect of Himalaya trekking by far is the drive to and from the trailheads. Washouts and landslides are frequent.

    road wash out near Joshimath Kuari day 6

    road wash out near Joshimath Kuari day 6-2

    OK. The giant spider we found awaiting us at our (Le Meadows) Hotel room might look even scarier. 🙂

    BIG spider at hotel - Kuari day 6
    Before the trek I knew about the June flooding, but not exactly how bad it had been. More than 5700 dead. 😦

    One of the 4 Holy Hindu mountain temples, nearby Kedarnath, was inundated with water, mud and boulders from landslide.  Several died from drowning or being crushed by stampeding pilgrims.

    Yet the roads were back to “normal” by October.

    See all high resolution photos from this day.

    End.

    If you might be interested in trekking Kuari yourself, start with our Kuari Trek information page. 🙂

     

    Kuari Pass trek – day 5

    by site editor Rick McCharles

    day 0 | day 1 | day 2day 3 | day 4 | day 5 | day 6

    We rose early, keen to get up to the Kuari Pass 3640m (12,000ft) in early light.

    Kuari day 5-2

    Kuari day 5-3

    Kuari day 5-5

    WOW!

    I left a Summit Stone and a 2 Rupee coin at the Alter, thanking Shiva for a safe crossing.

    Kuari day 5-6

    Actually, the Trail climbs a fair bit after the famous Pass.

    Kuari day 5-10

    Here’s the highest point we achieved on the Trek.

    Kuari day 5-8

    Plus perhaps 50cm. 🙂

    Anil had just had his fancy boots resoled. But the sole was coming loose. 😦

    Kuari day 5-9

    Our mules caught us here.

    Kuari day 5-11

    Kuari day 5-12

    Kuari day 5-13

    Note how mule drivers use stones to balance the load.

    Kuari day 5-14

    Several times I saw the scat of small carnivores. Perhaps Pine Martin. But we never spotted any rodents or rodent eaters.

    Kuari day 5-15

    This handsome bridge had been obliterated just this previous monsoon.

    Kuari day 5-16

    The best section of the trip was from here to the finish. LOVE the ridges.

    Kuari day 5-17
    Several times we saw a small lizard that moves like a snake.

    Kuari day 5-19

    Aside from ants, the most common insect was this cricket (?).

    Kuari day 5-21

    After 6 days, we finally encountered another trekking group doing a 2 day Kuari.

    Kuari day 5-22

    One of the Indian men had worked a year in Alaska!

    Kuari day 5-23

    A dog following them reversed directions and joined us for an evening. It’s not unusual to have dogs follow you in the Himalaya. One once climbed up to perhaps 6500m with us on Everest north.

    The fantastic view from my tent included the elusive & mysterious Nanda Devi, highest mountain entirely in India.

    Nandi Devi

    From here you can gain the Rishi Gorge, a deep canyon, almost impossible to follow. It wasn’t until 1934 that Eric Shipton and H.W. Tilman, with three Sherpa companions, Angtharkay, Pasang, and Kusang, finally discovered a way through into the Sanctuary. Any other route involves difficult passes, the lowest of which is 5180m (16,990 ft).

    Tilman and Noel Odell made the first ascent of 7,816 metres (25,643 ft) Nandi Devi in 1936, the highest summit climbed by man until 1950. On a shoe-string budget. Only seven climbers, no fixed ropes, nor any Sherpa support above 6,200 m (20,300 ft).

    Tenzing Norgay stated that his most difficult peak was Nanda Devi East, the lower summit.

    For religious significance and protection of the its fragile ecosystem, Nanda Devi National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. All access had been banned 1982.

    On the Trail we learned that the Park has been partially opened recently for restricted number of tourists.

    Tempting …

    Our cook outdid himself for out last meal on the Trail.

    Kuari day 5-28

    Pizza. Spring Rolls. French fries …

    And for dessert …

    Kuari day 5-29

    See all high resolution photos from this day.

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    Kuari Pass trek – day 4

    by site editor Rick McCharles

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    Another beautiful morning.

    Kuari day 4

    Another fantastic breakfast.

    breakfast Kuari day 4

    Omelette. Toast. Muesli. Corn flakes. And much more.

    Alf and I are both coffee addicts. We’d have 2-3 mugs to start each day.

    We shared this camp with hundreds of these smelly, entertaining characters.

    sheep - Kuari day 4

    Climbing over the first ridge we saw our titular destination, Kuari Pass.

    Kuari Pass

    On both sides of Kuari we saw no people. The herds were already gone south for the season.

    Kuari day 4-2

    Seasonal herders huts were empty.

    waterfall - Kuari day 4

    This was the biggest waterfall en route.

    waterfall - Kuari day 4-2

    It dropped hundreds of metres in stages.

    I doubt this bridge will EVER be taken out by flood.

    Kuari day 4-3

    I once had a backpack damaged on a pack animal. Straps rubbed a hole in it.

    pack mule - Kuari day 4

    pack mule - Kuari day 4-2

    Happily, our mule drivers were very careful. Sleeping mats were wrapped around our gear.

    There are butterflies everywhere in the Himalaya.

    butterfly - Kuari day 4

    Alf and I thought we might DASH up to the pass for sunset.

    Kuari Pass camp - day 4

    Distances are deceptive. That climb takes 90min!

    Instead we used the afternoon for reading and writing. There’s plenty of time for both on a guided trek. I carried two iPods. And began Games of Thrones.

    Kuari Pass camp - day 4-3

    Alpenglow was amazing this evening.

    Alpenglow - Kuari Pass camp - day 4

    Alpenglow - Kuari Pass camp - day 4-2

    That afternoon I’d tried to get close to an insanely colourful Himalayan Monal.

    IMG_0106

    And we were spied upon by a sentinel on the ridge.

    IMG_0095

    Our cook was sure it was a bharal (Himalayan blue sheep). Our guide wasn’t so sure. Compare with another photo of bharal from nearby Nanda Devi National Park.

    Alpine Ibex? Serow? Goral?

    Leave a comment if you can identify by that profile.

    It was Blue Sheep being pursued by George Schaller and Peter Matthiessen in Nepal 1973. Their adventures documented in one of my favourite books, The Snow Leopard.

    BEST of all, just before dark Alf spotted “Baloo“. A Momma Asian black bear and 3 cubs.

    bears - Kuari day 4

    That photo was taken at 18 times zoom. The zoom was sufficient, but light was fading fast.

    Those are the first bears Alf has seen in the wild. And the first our Guide had seen on this particular trek. A rare sighting.

    See all high resolution photos from this day.

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    Kuari Pass trek – day 3

    by site editor Rick McCharles

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    A highlight of this guided trip was the food. Here’s our chef, Kumar, who cooks inside with headlamp.

    Kumar the cook - Kuari day 3

    He’s from Nepal. But has cooked all over the Himalaya, including Ladahk.

    One of the mule drivers cooked up Chapattis in the fire, fluffing them right in the ash.

    chipattis - Kuari day 3

    Another treat was our hot water wash-up every morning.

    Kuari day 3

    We began to get glimpses of snowy peaks.

    Kuari day 3-2

    Some of the most prosperous villages use slate roofing.

    slate roof - Kuari day 3

    This woman was separating seeds from chaff.

    ridding the chaff - Kuari day 3

    Another was separating beans.

    sorting beans - Kuari day 3

    Chilli peppers grow well here. As does seemingly everything.

    chilis - Kuari day 3

    Kuari day 3-4

    Quality of bridge and road construction seems superior to that of Nepal and Tibet.

    Kuari day 3-6

    Kuari day 3-7

    That bridge is maybe 200m high.

    Kuari day 3-8

    The scale of everything in the Himalayas is deceptive.

    electricity does not work - Kuari day 3

    People here want roads and electricity. The power lines are often out-of-service, however.

    To this point, we’d seen less wildlife than I hoped.

    lizards - Kuari day 3

    The trees are grand, however.

    Kuari day 3-9

    Kuari day 3-11

    Kuari day 3-10

    And we did see one troop of Gray Langur monkeys in the wild. We’d seen hundreds in Rishikesh, of course.

    first monkeys - Kuari day 3

    Here’s a rarer sighting. A house cat.

    house cat - Kuari day 3

    We mostly spent time with farm animals.

    Kuari day 3-15

    Kuari day 3-14

    My favourite of the crops was this gorgeous red grain, just ready for harvest.

    Kuari day 3-13

    Kuari day 3-12

    We again had some rain late afternoon.

    rainbow - Kuari day 3

    Nights were always clear. Stars and Milky Way super sharp until moon rise.

    Kuari day 3-16

    See all high resolution photos from this day.

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    Kuari Pass trek – day 2

    by site editor Rick McCharles

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    Packing up next morning I was surprised to find that we’d added 2 more pack animals. They carried feed for our 4 mules.

    Kuari day 2-2

    Kuari day 2

    So two helpless “Sahibs” needed an Expedition Team of 4 men (guide, cook, 2 mule drivers). A minimum of 4 beasts. This morning, 6 beasts.

    To walk.

    Dogs hang about Camps waiting on the compost.

    Kuari day 2-3

    Seems they’ll eat anything except citrus peel and onions.

    Up and up.

    Kuari day 2-4

    We passed many villages. All seemingly prosperous and well maintained.

    Kuari day 2-5

    Grazing is critical. Stone fences seem to demarcate who grazes where. But I’m not sure those boundaries are often contested.

    Kuari day 2-6

    We saw a number of the great birds of India.

    The Bearded Vulture (Lammergeier) soared above and below us for much of the trip.

    Kuari day 1-4

    Our guide urged us to drink as much water as possible as we acclimatized to altitude.

    Kuari day 2-8

    On arrival at our night’s Camp we were surprised by a freak hail storm.

    Kuari day 2-10

    Kuari day 2-12

    The larger 2-man, 4-season tent was provided by Red Chilli.

    But I used my own 1-man tent instead. Alf got the Tent Mahal for himself. 🙂

    Kuari day 2-11

    We Sahibs read in our tents while our Team got a fire started with wet wood.

    Kuari day 2-13

    You’ve got to be ready for anything in the Himalaya.

    Kuari day 2-14

    See all high resolution photos from this day.

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    Kuari Pass trek – day 1

    by site editor Rick McCharles

    day 0 | day 1 | day 2 | day 3 | day 4 | day 5 | day 6

    Excited to get started, the day broke clear as it did every day. October through December are normally the clearest skies for hiking.

    Kuari day 1

    Rivers are major obstacles in the Himalaya. Many bridges are being “improved”.

    Kuari day 1-2

    We stopped for Chai at a lovely village, friends of our guide.

    Kuari day 1-8

    Kuari day 1-9

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    Kuari day 1-7

    Women work hard in the mountains. It’s almost impossible to find one resting at any given moment.

    Kuari day 1-12

    Kuari day 1-5

    Foreigners are regular visitors at this home. The ladies tried to convince this little one that we were friendly.

    Kuari day 1-11

    We chatted with two young women home for the Soy bean harvest. One had a Bachelor of Arts. The other was in first year University.

    Our guide, Anil Panwar, insisted that the men of the Himalaya work hard, as well. But I wasn’t convinced.

    Kuari day 1-13

    We set Camp next to a school.

    Kuari day 1-14

    Kuari day 1-15

    A Saturday, exams had just finished. The kids had Dhal Bhat for lunch. Then most ran off home.

    Several hung around to play. Anil led them in some Yoga.

    Kuari day 2-2

    Kuari day 2-3

    There are many things the mountain people don’t understand about foreigners.

    Kuari day 2

    For example, why do white men need a “toilet tent”?

    Kuari day 1-16

    Embarrassed at the extravagance, that was the only campsite we used it.

    See all high resolution photos from this day.

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